客家意識溯源——巴色差會、羅香林的客家研究與當代學者的不同看法

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Through triangulation and approaches from different perspectives, researchers have interpreted the research context of mid-19th<span> century Western missionaries and their accounts of Hakka culture. <br></span></span><br><span>Subsequent to proselytizing in China in the mid-19th century, Western missionaries wrote extensively in order to spread the message of the gospel to the Hakka communities in southern China. Missionaries from the Basel Missionary Society, including the earliest arrivals Theodore Hamberg and <span>Rudolf Lechler (1847), and subsequently Ernst Johann Eitel, all devoted efforts into studying and documenting the local Hakka society, language and culture.<br></span></span><br><span>The missionaries romanized the word \"Hakka\" phonetically and described the people who spoke Hakka according to the characteristics of the dialect. This response to the Chinese label for <i><b>“客家”</b></i> (literally, “guest families”) broke from the focus on ancestral origin and the derogatory dialect doctrine of the past, and a new classification of a \"Hakka\" that combined language and community was defined. </span><br></div>", "weight": 1, "musicName": "無", "musicText": "", "musicURL": "" }, "basic-gd1qweet1d": { "id": "basic-gd1qweet1d", "type": "basic", "sortable": true, "primaryObj": { "oid": "b297645b5afba07e40e5e2edb019fe69", "fileType": "image", "fileURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/w1024/mcode/2e22c05fe4d146c07c9b53bd16619dd8.jpg?itok=8ZdJv_Kw", "level": "primary", "title": "歐德理", "desc": "", "thumbURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/square_thumbnail_100/mcode/2e22c05fe4d146c07c9b53bd16619dd8.jpg?itok=xKcdGvLJ", "thumbMediumURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/thumbnail_medium/mcode/2e22c05fe4d146c07c9b53bd16619dd8.jpg?itok=PeKl8N0u", "thumbBigURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/thumbnail_big/mcode/2e22c05fe4d146c07c9b53bd16619dd8.jpg?itok=5HyrqQic", "background": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/w1920/mcode/2e22c05fe4d146c07c9b53bd16619dd8.jpg?itok=q6ifme4g", "mfid": "2e22c05fe4d146c07c9b53bd16619dd8", "fileCreator": "", "rights": "Wikimedia Commons", "rightsLogo": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/styles/square_thumbnail_100/public/default_rights/memder_non-03.png?itok=h0rkcAOw", "fileLicence": "著作權利所有-僅能瀏覽", "fileDisableLink": "1", "fileOversize": false }, "title": "形塑Hakka與客家史觀的傳教士歐德理", "desc": "<div><span><b>Ernst Eitel</b> -<b> the missionary who shaped Hakka and Hakka history</b><i><br></i></span><br><br>出身德意志地區的歐德理（Ernst Joannes Eitel, 1838-1908）自神學院畢業後，於1861年加入巴色差會，與邊得志一同被派往中國傳教。1865年歐德理轉入倫敦傳道會，負責廣東惠州博羅縣的傳教事務，離開巴色差會的歐德理也因此離開了在中國的德語社群支持，而與英語社群的互動更為頻繁。此後他也參與香港殖民地政府的教育政務。<br><br></div><div>學術上歐德理勤於著述、是著名漢學家，曾出版有關漢傳佛教、中國史地和語文的相關研究，並擔任《中日釋疑》、《中國評論》兩份漢學期刊的編輯。他自1867至69年間在《中日釋疑》連載發表〈客家漢人民族誌略〉，內容涵蓋當時客家的語言、風俗習慣、民歌、宗教和廣東當地各族群間的記錄比較，將「Hakka」連結客家，客家人貧困卻重視教育、刻苦耐勞、是純正漢人的概念帶入歐洲社會的視野中。他以口述與族譜為材料研究的客家遷移史也影響後來客家研究的框架。<br><br>然而相較當時巴色差會的經營範圍以嘉應、惠州、潮州等客家地區為主，轉籍倫敦傳道會的歐德理主要紀錄的博羅、廣州一代，因屬於「本地人」（Punti）與客家雜居交錯的「邊緣客域」，因此其著述所記錄的並不等於當時客家人完整全貌。<br><br><span>Born in Imperial Germany, Ernst Johann Eitel (1838-1908) joined the Basel Missionary Society in 1861 upon graduation from seminary, and was dispatched to China, along with Heinrich Bender. Eitel left the Basel Society for the London Missionary Society in 1865, and was responsible for missionary affairs in Boluo County, Huizhou, Guangdong. His departure from the Basel Society meant that Eitel left the support of the German-speaking community in China, but he was active in the English-speaking community and was later involved in the education administration of the Hong Kong colonial government.<br></span><br><span><span>Academically, Eitel was a notable Sinologist who published research on Chinese Buddhism, Chinese history, geography, and language. He also served as the editor of two Sinology journals, Notes and Queries on China and Japan and China Review. From 1867 to 1869, he wrote a series of essays on \"A Brief History of the Hakka Han People\" in the Notes and Queries on China and Japan, covering topics such as the Hakka language, customs, folk songs, religions; and comparing information on ethnic groups in the Guangdong area. He linked the “Hakka” with the<i><b> “客家”</b></i> (literally, “guest families”). The Hakka people might be poor but they value education, hard work; he brought the concept the Hakka people as pure Han people into view for European society. His study of Hakka migration history through oral narratives and genealogy also influenced later frameworks for Hakka research.</span><div><br>However, compared with the scope of operations of the Basel Missionary Society that included the Hakka areas of Jiaying, Huizhou, and Chaozhou, Eitel’s work with the London Missionary Society mainily revolved around the “marginal Hakka town” of Boluo County in Guangzhou, where the Punti people considered to be “local inhabitants” intermingled with the Hakkas. Hence, what Eitel documented in his writings were not necessarily a comprehensive picture of the Hakka people of that time.&nbsp;</div></span></div>", "weight": 2, "musicName": "無", "musicText": "", "musicURL": "" }, "basic-fc3wm34kjx": { "id": "basic-fc3wm34kjx", "type": "basic", "sortable": true, "primaryObj": { "oid": "46ca29ab69b9893b8ecc4e90544f422c", "fileType": "image", "fileURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/w1024/mcode/14247c6507c9b9c3b54be7e8e77f7a50.jpg?itok=rjsOegxt", "level": "primary", "title": "羅香林的著作《客家研究導論》（1933）與《客家史料匯編》（1965）INTRODUCTION TO HAKKA STUDIES (1933), and COMPILATION OF HAKKA LITERATURE (1965)", "desc": "", "thumbURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/square_thumbnail_100/mcode/14247c6507c9b9c3b54be7e8e77f7a50.jpg?itok=gP8SL_rl", "thumbMediumURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/thumbnail_medium/mcode/14247c6507c9b9c3b54be7e8e77f7a50.jpg?itok=RHgwZPZ0", "thumbBigURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/thumbnail_big/mcode/14247c6507c9b9c3b54be7e8e77f7a50.jpg?itok=E11M8lD6", "background": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/w1920/mcode/14247c6507c9b9c3b54be7e8e77f7a50.jpg?itok=AQ8hlDR8", "mfid": "14247c6507c9b9c3b54be7e8e77f7a50", "musicURL": "", "musicName": "", "fileCreator": "", "rights": "洪登欽", "rightsLogo": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/styles/square_thumbnail_100/public/default_rights/memder_non-04.png?itok=gq-PTcKL", "fileLicence": "著作權利所有-僅能瀏覽", "fileDisableLink": "1", "fileOversize": false }, "title": "客家研究權威羅香林與客家源流史觀的形成", "desc": "<div><b>Renowned Hakka Authority Lo Hsiang-lin and the Formation of a Historical Perspective on Hakka Origin</b><br><br><br>20世紀著名的客家研究學者羅香林（1906-1978）承襲「Hakka·客家」的定義，提出了「客家界說」與「客家民系」的概念，以族譜與相關文本追溯歷史上的客家源流與發展，在1933年發表《客家研究導論》。他認為華南等地的客家人的祖先源自中原北方漢族，不斷向西、向南遷徙。<br><br></div><div>客家系出中原、一脈相承的史觀的見解與發表〈客家漢人民族誌略〉與〈客家歷史大綱〉歐德里相似，也為後世許多研究者所採。然而當代研究者也提出歐德理以口述、族譜記載作源流判斷有問題。<br><br>不過至少就客家意識、客家史觀框架的形塑來看，巴色差會、傳教士與客家社會之間的關係很可能不僅止於記錄語言、鄉土照片，提供醫療、女子教育等，更因為巴色差會與客家社會密切關係與深層影響，奠定、塑模了客家史觀的框架，值得後世接續發展更深入的研究。<br><br><span><span>Heir to the definition of the <i><b>Hakka/客家</b></i>(guest family), renowned 20th century Hakka researcher scholar Lo Hsiang-lin (1906-1978) proposed concepts on “Hakka exposition” and “Hakka ethnic ancestry.” He traced the historical development and origin of the Hakka through genealogy and relevant texts, and published Introduction to Hakka Studies in 1933. He believed that the ancestors of the Hakka people in southern China originated from the Han people of the northern Central Plains who migrated westward and southward.</span><div><br><span>His insights tracing the Hakka origins to the Central Plains were consistent with those of Ernst Johannes Eitel as published in Ethnography of the Hakka Han People and A General History of the Hakka People, and has been referenced by generations of researchers that followed. However, contemporary researchers have pointed out issues with Eitel’s conclusions based on oral narratives and genealogical records.&nbsp;<div><br>However, from the perspective of the formation of the Hakka consciousness and Hakka historical frameworks, the relationship between the Basel Missionary Society, Christian missionaries, and Hakka society was not merely in the recording of language, ethnographic photos, medical care, and education for women and girls; it was also due to the intimate relationship and profound influences between the Basel Missionary Society and Hakka communities that a framework for Hakka historical viewpoints was formed and shaped, worthy of continuing development and in depth research by future generations.&nbsp;</div></span></div></span></div>", "weight": 3, "musicName": "無", "musicText": "", "musicURL": "" }, "text-4zayz75yfp": { "id": "text-4zayz75yfp", "type": "text", "sortable": true, "weight": 4, "desc": "參考文獻：<br><br><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://ghk.nctu.edu.tw/issueArticle.asp?P_No=36&amp;CA_ID=382\">施添福（2015）從「客家」到客家（二）：粵東「Hakka．客家」稱謂的出現、蛻變與傳播。《全球客家研究》2:1-114。</a><br>張維安（2020）〈巴色差會與客家〉。《你可能毋熟識个客家：客家與基督教的相遇》。<br>邱曉玲（2020）〈全球第一本《客語聖經》（新舊約全書 漢羅對照）：翻譯的興起與譯成〉。《你可能毋熟識个客家：客家與基督教的相遇》。<br><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://ghk.nctu.edu.tw/issueArticle.asp?P_No=44&amp;CA_ID=463\">簡宏逸（2016）〈歐德理與他的傳教士民族誌：客家研究的德意志起源〉。《全球客家研究》7:1-40。</a><br><br><span>References: <br><br></span><span>T'ien-fu, Shih, 2015. From the “Guest” to the Hakka (2): the Emergence, Transformation, and Spread of the Term Hakka on the Eastern Quangdong. <i>Global Hakka Studies</i>, No.2: 1-114.&nbsp;<div><span><span>Wei-An Chang, 2020. “The Basel Missionary Society and the Hakka,” in <i>What You May Not Know About the Hakka－The Encounter between the Hakka People and Christianity.&nbsp;</i></span><div><span><span>Hsiao-Ling Chiu, 2020. “The Conception and Completion of Translating the World’s First Hakka Bible (Old and New Testaments),” in <i>What You May Not Know About the Hakka－The Encounter between the Hakka People and Christianity.</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><div><span>Hung-yi, Chien, 2016. Ernst Johannes Eitel's Missionary Ethnography: A German Origin of Hakka Studies. <i>Global Hakka Studies</i><span><i>,</i> No.7: 1-40.</span></span></div></span></div></span></div></span>", "musicName": "無", "musicText": "", "musicURL": "" }, "text-cdq0ga0dpy": { "id": "text-cdq0ga0dpy", "type": "text", "sortable": true, "musicName": "無", "weight": 5, "desc": "<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://openmuseum.tw/muse/exhibition/a31376471fee95e42667c42599da1594#imgs-kh7xxtgljl\">返回主展覽</a><br><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://openmuseum.tw/muse/exhibition/643165fdc080424294b96be6f007fec2#imgs-txpn8xa21z\">Return to the main exhibition</a>", "musicText": "", "musicURL": "" }, "thanks": { "id": "thanks", "type": "thanks", "sortable": false, "thanksList": { "中研院民族所博物館 Museum of the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica": { "rights": "中研院民族所博物館 Museum of the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica", "rightsLogo": 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