臺灣蝴蝶蘭 發現始末
臺灣蝴蝶蘭 發現始末
2022/05/02
2022/05/18
文 / 謝長富<br>(臺灣生物多樣性保育學會理事長、臺灣生態學會理事、國立臺灣大學生態學與演化生物學研究所兼任教授）<br>
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謝長富
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"desc": "<span>蝴蝶蘭屬是在1825年由德國-荷蘭植物學家和昆蟲學家布魯姆博士(Karl Ludwig Blume) 依據1753年林奈發表於《Species Plantarum》(植物種誌)的<i>Epidendrum amabile</i> (1825年改為<i>Phalaenopsis amabilis</i> (L.)Blume，南洋白花蝴蝶蘭)為模式種所創立的一個新屬，即蝴蝶蘭屬<span> <span>\"<i>Phalaenopsis</i>\"</span></span>，由希臘文<i>phalaina </i>(蛾) 與<i>opsis </i>(像貌) 組合而成的。英文俗名稱為\"moth orchid\"，即\"蛾蘭\"；蝴蝶<span>蘭（butterfly orchid）另指產於中南美洲的其他數種蘭花。<br></span></span><br><span>蝴蝶蘭屬約有七十餘種，原生種多分布於亞洲的熱帶中低海拔地區，包括印度到南中國、中南半島、馬來西亞、印尼、菲律賓和新幾內亞，其中又以印尼及菲律賓的物種居多。<br></span><br>蝴蝶蘭臺灣有二種：臺灣白花蝴蝶蘭<span>(<i><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://taieol.tw/pages/39843\">Phalaenopsis aphrodite</a></i><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://taieol.tw/pages/39843\"> Rchb. f. subsp. </a><i><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://taieol.tw/pages/39843\">formosana</a></i><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://taieol.tw/pages/39843\"> E.A. Christenson</a>) </span>及桃紅蝴蝶蘭或姬蝴蝶<span>(<i><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://taieol.tw/pages/39190\">Phalaenopsis equestris</a></i><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://taieol.tw/pages/39190\"> (Schauer) Rchb. f.</a>) </span>。前者分佈於恆春半島、臺東大武一帶山區及蘭嶼；後者分佈於小蘭嶼及菲律賓群島。<br>",
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"desc": "在1875年畢齊禮的購地行程日誌〈Notes of an overland journey through the southern part of Formosa in 1875, from Takow to the South Cape, with sketch map〉中，6月23日一行人從帆船石沿南岬半島的西岸向南行，因受阻於海濱礁岩，於是轉上坡穿過叢林（圖1星號所示）到上方平臺的草生地再南行，他對此地叢林的描述如下：<div><br></div>",
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"title": "桑德氏蝴蝶蘭 Phalaenopsis Sanderiana",
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"desc": "桑德氏蝴蝶蘭分佈於菲律賓南部的民答那峨島。十九世紀歐洲對珍稀蘭花最風行的時期，德國的蘭花學家和苗圃專家桑德氏（Henry Frederick Conrad Sander, 1847-1920）於1880年聘請英格蘭著名的蘭花採集者卡爾羅貝倫（Carl Roebelen）前往菲律賓尋找一種據聞是紅色的蝴蝶蘭，最後在民答那峨找到。1882年由德國植物學家也是19世紀最重要的蘭花學家賴興巴赫氏 （Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach，常縮寫成Rchb. f.，1823-1889）正式發表，學名為：<i>Phalaenopsis sanderiana</i> Rchb. f.（Flora Oder Botanische Zeitung 65: 466, 1882），種小名 <span>\"<i>sanderiana</i>\" </span>就是紀念桑德氏。<br><br>桑德氏蝴蝶蘭（圖2）的花色從白色到不同程度的粉紅色均有，花期是在夏季中期至末期。<br><br>畢齊禮雖然是在1875年首次看到蝴蝶蘭，但他的行程日誌是在1885年才在英國皇家地理學會月刊發表，當時正巧是桑德氏蝴蝶蘭在1882年發表後的流行時期，因此採用此名。<br>",
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"desc": "圖2.桑德氏蝴蝶蘭的花。左右兩片是側花瓣，下方是唇瓣。左右兩片是側花瓣，下方是唇瓣。唇瓣三裂，左右兩裂片上捲；中裂片先端漸狹並具二條纖細卷鬚，基部中央處有突起的癒合體，表面具色斑，兩側上方各具兩短角；中裂片左右兩側向外尖凸。圖片出處：http://www.phals.net/sanderiana/2012/12ph0320.jpg",
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"desc": "圖2.桑德氏蝴蝶蘭（<span><i>Phalaenopsis sanderiana</i> Rchb. f.）</span>的花。左右兩片是側花瓣，下方是唇瓣。唇瓣三裂，左右兩裂片上捲；中裂片先端漸狹並具二條纖細卷鬚，唇瓣後方中央處有突起的癒合體，<span>表面具色斑，兩側上方各具兩短角；中裂片左右兩側向外尖凸。<br></span><span><br>資料出處：</span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.phals.net/sanderiana/2012\">http://www.phals.net/sanderiana/2012</a><br>",
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"desc": "奧古斯丁亨利（韓爾禮，Augustine Henry，1857-1930）出生於蘇格蘭的鄧迪 （Dundee），1877年畢業於戈爾韋的女王學院（Queen's College, Galway），主修自然科學和哲學。<br><br>1878年他獲得了貝爾法斯特女王學院 （Queen's College in Belfast）的文學碩士學位，之後在倫敦一所教學醫院學習醫學，1880年獲得愛丁堡皇家醫學院醫師證照。1881年大清皇家海關總稅務司赫德（Sir Robert Hart）招募他進入大清皇家海關（Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs），擔任幫辦（助理）兼醫員。<br><br>翌年起他被派往湖北、四川、雲南的思茅及蒙自、臺灣等地的海關任職。在此期間，他利用業餘時間研究和收集當地的植物，製作大量的標本，到他於1900年離開中國為止，總計送回英國約 158,050 份標本，超過 6000 種植物，占中國維管植物種類總數的五分之一，其中包括5個新科、37個新屬、1338個新種、及388個新種下類群（變種或亞種）。",
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"desc": "<div>亨利於1892年11月18日請調至打狗位於哨船頭的大清皇家海關任職，直到1894年9月離開赴美為止計在臺灣停留近二年。1894年2月，亨利花二天時間搭乘海關巡緝艦 \"淩風號\" 到南岬燈塔進行業務視察。他乘此難得機會請燈塔管理員J. C. H. Schmüser（許務實，德國人，三等值事人）協助收集燈塔周圍地區的植物，Schmüser 也找到當地原住民頭目一起採集。總計採集到 462 種，其實這些物種的分佈幾乎涵蓋整個恆春半島。<br><br><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div>1896年奧古斯汀亨利在日本亞洲學會期刊《Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan》上發表了〈A List of Plants from Formosa〉， 即臺灣植物目錄（圖3），總共列出1,428種維管植物，包括本土植物、歸化物種和栽植的物種，南岬所採集的物種連同標本編號全部包含在內。這目錄除了他在臺灣（打狗、猴山、萬金庄、南岬、淡水等地）所蒐集的所有物種外，也將之前來臺採集者所發表的物種全部納入，例如C. Wilford, R. Swinhoe, R. Oldham, W. Campbell, W. Hancock, T. Watters, C. Ford, G.M. Playfair，田代安定（澎湖名錄，1895年） 等人以及臺灣府誌 （Gazetteer）所登錄的栽培植物，這是早年臺灣植物研究史上最重要的文獻。</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>",
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"title": "Henry, A. 1896. A List of Plants from Formosa. Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, 24: supplement. 1-118. ",
"desc": "資料出處：Henry, A. 1896. A List of Plants from Formosa. Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, 24: supplement. 1118.圖片發表於 2020/4 生態臺灣第六十七期〈臺灣蝴蝶蘭發現始末〉亨利於1896年在《日本亞洲學會期刊》上發表的臺灣植物目錄〈A List of Plants\r\nfrom Formosa〉。這份目錄的內容包括物種序號、學名、標本採集地、採集者、採集\r\n編號、中文名稱(如出自民間或臺灣府誌)及用途等。",
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"desc": "<span>圖3.亨利於1896年在《日本亞洲學會期刊》上發表的臺灣植物目錄〈A List of Plants from Formosa〉。這份目錄的內容包括物種序號、學名、標本採集地、採集者、採集編號、中文名稱(如出自民間或臺灣府誌)及用途等。<br>資料出處：Henry, A. 1896. A List of Plants from Formosa. Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, 24: supplement. 1-118.</span>",
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"desc": "在亨利於臺灣植物目錄中，記載蝴蝶蘭如下：<br><br><b>1063. </b><i><b>Phalaenopsis aphrodite</b></i><b>, Reich, f. S. Cape ; Henry 1,705.<br></b><br>標本是採自南岬，標本編號為\"Henry 1,705\"，學名為\"<i>Phalaenopsis aphrodite</i>, Reich, f.\" 。<br>",
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"title": "A List of Plants from Formosa 臺灣植物目錄 1063. Phalaenopsis aphrodite",
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"desc": "目前編號\"Henry 1705\"的標本計有二份，分別由英、美二機構的標本館所收藏：英國皇家植物園（圖4）及紐約植物園（圖5）。此二份標本均由南岬燈塔管理員 J. C. H. Schmürer 所採集，採集日期不同。<br>",
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"desc": "圖4. 蒐藏於英國皇家植物園的Henry 1705號蝴蝶蘭標本。採集者為南岬燈塔管理員J. C. H. Schmüser，植物園收到日期為May 1894。右下角的像片是1909年由日本植物學者伊藤篤太郎寄給英國植物學家William Hemsley的，此蝴蝶蘭在恆春山區數量相當多。<br>資料出處：The Herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew（楊宗愈博士，Dr. Tsung-Yu Aleck Yang提供）",
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"title": "[holotype](NY)Henry 1705 號蝴蝶蘭標本[1063. Phalaenopsis aphrodite, Reich, f. S. Cape ; Henry 1,705.]/Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana Christenson (holotype)",
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"desc": "<div><div>白花蝴蝶蘭的首次發表有一段折曲的過程。1837年英國有名的貝類和植物收集家Hugh Cuming（1791-1865）第一次將蝴蝶蘭從菲律賓馬尼拉引入歐洲栽植推廣，當時英國的著名植物學家和蘭花學家John Lindley認為該種為\"<i>Phalaenopsis amabilis</i>\" （阿嬤蝴蝶蘭、南洋白花蝴蝶蘭），而將之發表於附有插圖的園藝雜誌《Edwards's Botanical Register, volume 24 (N.S. 1) plate 34, 1838》（圖6）。</div></div><div><div><div></div></div></div>",
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"desc": "<span>圖6. 英國的植物學家和蘭花學家John Lindley將採自菲律賓的一種蝴蝶蘭認為是<span>\"<i>Phalaenopsis amabilis</i>\" (</span>阿嬤蝴蝶蘭、南洋白花蝴蝶蘭)，而將之發表於附有插圖的園藝雜誌《Edwards's Botanical Register, volume 24 (N.S. 1) plate 34, 1838》。</span><div><div><div><div><div><div><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>",
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"title": "臺灣蝴蝶蘭標本_ 矢野勢吉郎採自紅頭嶼(蘭嶼)_採集編號675",
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"desc": "<span>圖8.蒐藏於小石川植物園暨東京大學總合博物館的臺灣蝴蝶蘭標本。1897年3月15日矢野勢吉郎採自紅頭嶼（蘭嶼），採集編號675。<br></span>資料出處：楊宗愈博士提供（2014年7月7日）。",
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"title": "七、臺灣阿嬤蝴蝶蘭名稱的首次發表",
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"desc": "島津忠重（Tadashige Shimadzu, 1886-1968年，圖9）是薩摩藩最後的藩主，香淳皇后（昭和天皇皇后）的叔父，日本海軍少將及貴族院議員，同時也是蘭花育種專家，二戰前曾任帝國愛蘭會最後一任會長，戰後於1958年創設全日本蘭協會。",
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"desc": "1921年島津忠重應英國皇家園藝學會理事會的邀請，成為該年度的英國蘭花委員會成員，並於5月10日參加了皇家園藝學會的會議，會後在英國的《The Orchid Review》（1893-1923）第29卷發表日本的蘭花植物〈Orchids in Japan〉，分二段在八月（p.35-36）及九月（p.67-68）刊出，內容介紹日本的氣候、蘭花栽植狀況及一些原生物種。其中就包含臺灣蝴蝶蘭的新名稱\"<i>Phalaenopsis amabilis formosana</i>\"（圖10），完整的寫法為：\"<i>Phalaenopsis amabilis </i>(L.)<i> </i>Blume<i> var. formosa</i> Shimadzu\" 。這一短文只提到蘭花植株於1916年來自臺灣，其花朵數較阿嬤蝴蝶蘭（<i>Phalaenopsis amabilis</i>）為多，但其他差異不大，即認為臺灣的蝴蝶蘭是\"<i>Phalaenopsis amabilis</i>\"的變種。阿嬤蝴蝶蘭廣泛分佈於菲律賓南部的巴拉望島、婆羅洲、蘇門答臘、爪哇、新幾內亞到澳洲的昆士蘭。如此臺灣的蝴蝶蘭就衍生出\"臺灣阿嬤\"的俗名，之後廣為園藝界所採用。直到現在還有為數不少的園藝、生技、發育等相關研究文章仍然繼續使用此名稱。<br><br><span>依據《the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants》（國際藻類、真菌和植物命名法規），島津忠重所發表的<span>臺灣阿嬤蝴蝶蘭的學名<span>\"<i>Phalaenopsis amabilis formosana</i>\"</span>，因為沒有詳細的特徵描述、插圖，同時也只是一篇演講稿，因此屬於非正式發表，此學名是不合法的。</span></span>",
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"desc": "圖10. 島津忠重在英國的《The Orchid Review》第29卷（1921）發表日本的蘭花植物〈Orchids in Japan〉，分二段在八月（p.35-36）及九月（p.67-68）刊出，其中\"<i>Phalaenopsis amabilis </i><i>formosa</i>\"的名稱刊載在第68頁。"
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"desc": "1941年任職朝鮮李王家（1910年日韓合併條約簽訂後，大韓帝國皇室成員一律降為王公族，李王家就是朝鮮日治時期對前大韓帝國皇室的稱號）昌慶苑大溫室（完工於1909年，現為昌慶宮大溫室，首爾市的重要景點）附屬研究室的農學士三輪愛二郎（Aijiro Miwa），曾於1941年在《實際園藝》發表一篇有關臺灣蝴蝶蘭〈臺灣の胡蝶蘭に就て〉的文章。（圖11），他認為臺灣產的蝴蝶蘭與東南亞的阿嬤蝴蝶蘭（<i>Phalaenopsis amabilis</i>）與白花蝴蝶蘭（<i>Phalaenopsis aphrodite</i>）不同，也與分佈於巴士海峽南部巴布煙群島（Babuyan Islands）的蝴蝶蘭有所不同。因此提出二個新種名稱：<i>Phalaenopsis formosana</i>（臺灣蝴蝶蘭，圖12）與 <i>Phalaenopsis Babuyana</i>（巴布煙蝴蝶蘭，圖13）：<br><br><i>Phalaenopsis formosana</i> Miwa, Pract. Hort. 27: 115. 1941.<br><i>Phalaenopsis babuyana</i> Miwa, Pract. Hort. 27: 117. 1941.<br><br>上述四種的區別點主要在唇瓣、癒合體、葉片顏色、花序等（圖14；表1），巴布煙蝴蝶蘭的特徵正介於臺灣蝴蝶蘭與白花蝴蝶蘭之間。但依據《國際藻類、真菌和植物命名法規》，自1935年1月1日起，新種的發表必需附有特徵或是重要區別點的拉丁文描述，否則便是無效名稱。因此三輪愛二郎1941年發表的臺灣蝴蝶蘭與巴布煙蝴蝶蘭的學名均屬於不合法的學名。",
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"desc": "<span>圖11. 1941年任職朝鮮李王家温室附屬研究室的農學士三輪愛二郎在《實際園藝》發表一篇有關臺蝴蝶蘭〈臺灣の胡蝶蘭に就て〉的文章。<br></span><span><br>資料出處：實際園藝，27卷2號：113-120，1941。</span>",
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"desc": "圖13. <i>Phalaenopsis Babuyana </i>Miwa（巴布煙蝴蝶蘭）出現在1941年《實際園藝》第27卷第2號的117頁。",
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"desc": "<span>圖<span>14. <i>Phalaenopsis aphrodite </i>Rchb. f.（</span>白花蝴蝶蘭）、<i>Phalaenopsis formosana </i>（臺灣蝴蝶蘭）、<i>Phalaenopsis amabilis</i>（阿嬤蝴蝶蘭）及<i>Phalaenopsis Babuyana</i>（巴布煙蝴蝶蘭）四種蝴蝶蘭的花部形態。重要的區別特徵在下方的唇瓣及花粉塊。白花蝴蝶蘭中裂片左右兩側向外尖凸（見右下分離的唇瓣裂片的右半邊），臺灣蝴蝶蘭則較鈍。<br></span><br>資料出處：實際園藝，27卷2號：封面頁，1941。",
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"desc": "表1：臺灣蝴蝶蘭、巴布煙蝴蝶蘭及白花蝴蝶蘭的差異（實際園藝，27卷2號：117，1941）",
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"desc": "<span>2001年美國蘭科分類學者Eric Alston Christenson（1956-2011）認為臺灣的蝴蝶蘭與菲律賓的白花蝴蝶蘭仍有少許差異， 因此在他的蝴蝶蘭專論《<i>Phalaenopsis</i> : A Monograph》一書中，將臺灣蝴蝶蘭當成白花蝴蝶蘭的新亞種，學名為：<i>Phalaenopsis aphrodite</i><span> Rchb. f. subsp. <i>formosana</i> E. A. Christenson </span>此即為\"臺灣白花蝴蝶蘭\"。</span>所依據的標本是蒐藏於紐約植物園由南岬燈塔管理員Schmüser所採的Henry 1705號標本（圖5），這份標本就是\"臺灣白花蝴蝶蘭\"發表所依據的標本，稱為正模式標本，另一份蒐藏於英國皇家植物園的同一編號標本（圖4），就是副模式標本。<span>主要的區別是臺灣白花蝴蝶蘭的葉背綠色 (白花蝴蝶蘭背面泛紅)， 花較小，形成分枝多的圓錐花序，常從花序基部產生側枝。巴布煙蝴蝶蘭則併入臺灣白花蝴蝶蘭，如此臺灣白花蝴蝶蘭的分佈則包含臺灣的蘭嶼、恆春半島、東南部、以及菲律賓呂宋島北部外海的巴布煙群島，成為白花蝴蝶蘭向北分化的一支。雖然過去國內外經常將白花蝴蝶蘭與阿嬤蝴蝶蘭<span> （<i>Phalaenopsis amabilis</i>）</span>相混淆，但後者中裂片基部的癒合體只有二個角，與白花蝴蝶蘭及臺灣白花蝴蝶蘭的四個角明顯不同（圖15）。</span>",
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"desc": "<div>圖15. 臺灣白花蝴蝶蘭、白花蝴蝶蘭及阿嬤蝴蝶蘭的花部差異。阿嬤蝴蝶蘭中裂片基部的癒合體上方具二短角，臺灣白花蝴蝶蘭及白花蝴蝶蘭則具四短角。</div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>",
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"desc": "<div><span>檢視整個臺灣白花蝴蝶蘭的發現過程，最早在1875年6月23日由英國工程師畢齊禮（Michael Beazeley）首先在鵝鑾鼻香蕉灣附近的森林發現，並在1883年發表的南岬燈塔購地之行的日誌中，記載為桑德氏蝴蝶蘭（<span><i>Phalaenopsis sanderiana</i>）</span>。</span> <br><span><br>南岬燈塔完工後，燈塔管理員德國人 J. C. H. Schmürer <span>於1894年在南岬附近採到兩份蝴蝶蘭標本，依據此標本奧古斯汀亨利1896年在《日本亞洲學會期刊》上首次發表白花蝴蝶蘭（<span><i>Phalaenopsis aphrodite</i>）</span>的正式名稱。<br></span></span><span><br>之後1897年3月15日矢野勢吉郎首次在蘭嶼採到白花蝴蝶蘭。1921年島津忠在英國的《The Orchid Review》第29卷發表臺灣阿嬤蝴蝶蘭<span>（<i>Phalaenopsis amabilis </i></span></span><i>formosa</i><span>）的新名稱，但此變種是附在形態差異較大(親緣較遠)的阿嬤蝴蝶蘭（<span><i>Phalaenopsis amabilis</i>）</span>之下，而非白花蝴蝶蘭之下。因文中並未附有詳細的特徵描述，是不合法的學名。<br></span><br><span>1941<span>年任職朝鮮李王家大溫室的三輪愛二郎曾在《實際園藝》發表臺灣蝴蝶蘭（<span><i>Phalaenopsis formosana</i>）</span>與巴布煙蝴蝶蘭（<span><i>Phalaenopsis Babuyana</i>）</span>二新種名稱，但因未附拉丁文的特徵描述，也屬於非正式發表，為不合法的學名。<br></span></span><br>2001 <span>年Eric Alston Christenson認為臺灣的蝴蝶蘭與菲律賓的白花蝴蝶蘭最為接近，但仍有少許差異，因此他在蝴蝶蘭專論《<i>Phalaenopsis</i>: A Monograph》，將臺灣蝴蝶蘭當成白花蝴蝶蘭的新亞種，學名為：<i><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://taieol.tw/pages/39843\">Phalaenopsis aphrodite</a></i><span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://taieol.tw/pages/39843\"> Rchb. f. subsp. </a><i><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://taieol.tw/pages/39843\">formosana</a></i><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://taieol.tw/pages/39843\"> E.A. Christenson</a></span>，此即為\"臺灣白花蝴蝶蘭\"，同時將巴布煙蝴蝶蘭併入。</span><br></div><div><div><div></div></div></div>",
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"desc": "• <span>Christenson, E. A. 2001. <i>Phalaenopsis</i>, a monograph. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 330 pp., numerous line drawings and color photographs.</span> <br><span><br>•<span> Sweet, H. 1980. The genus <i>Phalaenopsis</i>. The Orchid Digest, Inc. 128 pp., numerous line drawings, 11 B&W photographs, 82 color photographs and 4 maps.<br></span></span><br><span>•<span> American Orchid Society, 2019. <i>Phalaenopsis</i>, The Genus - Beginner's Handbook, XXIII.</span></span> <br><span><br>•<span> Chi-Chu Tsai, Chang-Hung Chou, Hao-Ven Wang, Ya-Zhu Ko, Tzen-Yuh Chiang and Yu-Chung Chiang. 2015. Biogeography of the <i>Phalaenopsis amabilis</i> species complex inferred from nuclear and plastid DNAs. BMC Plant Biology 15(1): 202.<br><br></span></span>• 謝長富，2020，臺灣蝴蝶蘭發現始末。生態臺灣67：8-20。",
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