《鹿港歷史地圖散步》
《鹿港歷史地圖散步》
2022/12/15
2022/12/21
<b>章節一：彰化平原上的鹿港</b><br><br>
展覽頁面呈現形式
縱式
策展者
中央研究院人社中心GIS專題中心
楊朝傑（國立臺灣大學歷史學所博士候選人）
展覽封面
be7089e55ce010e07b2c014bdaefc10b
展覽資料
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"desc": "<div> 前圖雍正《十排圖》（經考證為清雍正7年（1729）所繪製）標示彰化縣治所在，而彰化縣城城池則建於雍正12年（1734年），當時大甲西社的動亂才剛平定不久，調任彰化縣知縣的秦士望認為沒有城池不足以保衛縣邑的安全，便在縣治周圍種了刺竹為牆，建四方城門，形成一座周長780丈的環形城池。上圖為清雍乾《臺灣前山圖》（經考證為清雍正12年至乾隆24年（1735-1759）間所繪製）詳細描繪出彰化縣城刺竹城牆及四個城門，值得特別注意的是圖面上鹿仔港汛標示位置修正到大肚溪口以南海岸，並改稱為鹿港汛，北側逐步形成市街（稱作鹿汛街或鹿仔港街） 。</div><br>",
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"desc": "<div>不過，為何彰化平原在18世紀初葉進入漢人大規模的移墾階段？米穀貿易與水田普及是關鍵因素。臺灣與華南僅一海之隔，入清帝國版圖之後，因為米價低廉、未墾地多且較容易營生，自然吸引華南農民及商人移住與投資，也開啟了18世紀臺灣開墾的序幕。其中，位在臺灣中部濁水溪沖積扇的彰化地區，平原廣闊、水源充足、氣候合宜及土地肥沃等適宜農業發展的優越條件，成為了華南資本家前往投資的主要誘因。尤其，臺灣人口不斷增加及福建漳、泉米穀市場擴張，這些因素都一定程度提升了稻米的商品價值，並且刺激投資者在水利建設方面的嘗試，從而掀起彰化平原耕地「水田化」的風潮。</div><div><br></div><div>\n\n康熙40年代以後，部份原在南路鳳山地方拓墾的業戶，開始北移至彰化平原開墾，並且投入興造中、大型的水利工程，尤其以施世榜家族組成「施長齡」墾戶，於康熙58年（1719）投資施厝圳最為知名。施厝圳是清代臺灣最大的水利工程，又因施世榜具貢生身分，有時也被稱作「施貢生水圳」。在19世紀之後，施厝圳逐漸被以「八堡圳」之名而廣為人知，主要原因是該水圳灌溉當時彰化縣13個堡中的8個堡而得名。這8個堡就是東螺東堡、東螺西堡、武東堡、武西堡、燕霧上堡、燕霧下堡、馬芝遴堡、線東堡等，相當於今日彰化縣二水、田中、社頭、員林、大村、花壇、埔心、埔鹽、溪湖、永靖、田尾、秀水、福興、鹿港等14鄉鎮，涵蓋了3分之2彰化平原的範圍。八堡圳四面八方的大小圳道，形成一套龐大且綿密的灌溉系統，造就彰化平原上水田的普及，同時大幅提升米穀產量，鹿港亦因米之輸出躍升為僅次於府城的港口。</div><div><br></div><div>上圖為日治時期《八堡圳水利組合給水計畫圖》（圖面上面朝東），是清代八堡圳基礎上逐漸擴展的綿密灌溉供水網路。</div>",
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"desc": "施世榜家族不僅掌控了彰化平原的水利系統，更投資海濱地帶鹿港的開墾。早在雍正4年（1726）施家就以「墾戶施長齡」之名，向燕霧（今彰化縣花壇鄉、秀水鄉、員林市、大村鄉）庄民、塭戶陳拱購得鹿港的大量土地，並從彰化知縣手中取得開墾許可書（即施長齡墾號） 。18世紀初的鹿港，在官府核給的墾照中記載，這片濱海之地，包括位在潮間地帶、適合做為魚塭的平坦沙地，以及可供船舶停靠的天然港道。<br>",
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"desc": "<div>18世紀初施家就在鹿港聚族而居，並獻地建立媽祖廟。至今鹿港當地仍會講述一則舊祖宮（天后宮）的建廟故事。相傳康熙22年（1683）福建水師提督施琅奉命征臺，由福建莆田湄洲天后宮請六尊開基媽祖中的二媽作為護軍神，平定臺澎回朝時，由施世榜奉請留祀於鹿港，最後成為舊祖宮的開基神像。又有一說是施琅的幕僚藍理同湄洲的僧人供請而來。無論如何，這間廟的肇始傳說都與施琅有關。</div><div><br></div><div> 今日在舊祖宮正殿媽祖神前的壽樑上懸掛有「撫我則后」匾，上款為「康熙二十二年歲次癸亥孟冬」，下款為「福建水師提督封世襲靖海侯施琅敬立」，過去曾有學者撰文指出其官銜存疑。但無論真偽如何，這塊匾額基本反映的是施琅及其族侄施世榜與該廟歷史的關聯。至今廟內右廂房仍祭祀著「大檀樾主恩進士勅授文林郎兵馬司副指揮壽寧縣儒學教諭施諱世榜祿位」，據說就是感念雍正3年（1725）施世榜獻地建廟的緣故。 <br></div>",
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"desc": "其實，施琅贈匾舊祖宮一事，反映了施啟秉與其子施世榜來臺拓墾，後居鹿港的過程中與施琅血緣上的連結。據說舊媽祖宮所在的北頭附近，原是停泊船隻的「渡船頭」，很可能就是施家請墾的鹿港小港汊所在。因為這一帶區域至今仍是施世榜家系同脈的泉州後港（潯海）施姓在鹿港的大本營，具體分布在打棕埕、宮後、後寮仔、菜市頭街，約為鹿港街北區的範圍。他們藉由血緣及地緣的關係，控制了地方社會，成為清代鹿港重要的宗族勢力之一。\n\n<br>",
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"desc": "<div>自從雍正年間以來，彰化平原因為八堡圳圳路四通八達，龐大且綿密的灌溉系統，造就了水田猶如雨後春筍在此地開展，因而成為全臺最大產米地區。在輸出米穀的鹿港，官府還在米市街西畔建造16間儲藏米穀的倉庫，名為「天庾正供」，從此奠定了鹿港作為臺灣中部主要米穀輸出港口的重要基石。 <br></div><div><br></div><div>\n\n雖然我們對施家如何經營海濱土地所知有限，但當時米穀走私猖獗卻是不爭的事實。乾隆49年（1784）福建陸路提督將軍永慶向朝廷提出請設鹿港為正口(官方認可之對渡口岸)的建議說到，福建泉州、漳州等府民間產米不多，需要仰賴臺灣的商販往來兩地接濟。但是，當時臺灣僅設立與廈門對渡的鹿耳門一處正口，各地的米穀配運都由此地進出，這對北路的諸羅及彰化等地的商販來說，不如由鹿港偷渡泉州蚶江來得便利，在現實的考量下諸多由鹿港非法運載米穀出海販售的事件，層出不窮。</div>",
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"desc": "<div>整體而言，自康熙末年以來，流灌於彰化平原四面八方的大小圳道，開啟了當地的「水田化運動」。農業環境得以改善，土地贍養力的提升後，作物的產量也隨著增加，自然吸引移民前來墾拓。由於取水便利，漢人移民相繼在水圳兩側成立聚落，逐漸形成條狀的聚落分布。 <br></div><div><br></div><div>同時自雍正年間以降，彰化平原已成為全臺最大產米地區，奠定了鹿港作為臺灣中部主要米穀輸出港口的重要基石。尤其在乾隆49年（1784）鹿港與泉州蚶江對渡的正口開啟後，米穀倉儲與販運的角色，提供了鹿港發展的重要契機及動力，兩岸頻繁的帆船貿易，造就清嘉慶道光年間的彰化八景之一「鹿港飛帆」的商業榮景。</div>",
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"desc": "1.黃富三，2006，《臺灣水田化運動先驅：施世榜家族史》。南投：國史館臺灣文獻館。<br>2.顧雅文，2000，〈八堡圳與彰化平原人文、自然環境變遷之互動歷程〉。臺北：臺灣大學歷史學研究所碩士班論文。<br>3.陳仕賢總編輯，2004，《鹿港天后宮志》（彰化：鹿港天后宮，2004）。<br>4.施添福，2000，〈鹿港古蹟的歷史地理意義〉，收入施添福撰，《鹿港鎮志‧地理篇》。彰化：鹿港鎮公所，頁247-254。<br>5.蔡志展，2011，〈施世榜在鹿港「懇留」湄洲媽祖的時間辨誤〉，收入石獅市科技文體旅遊局、鹿港文教基金會編，《蚶江鹿港對渡文化論集》。武漢：武漢大學出版社，頁127-143。<br>6.林文龍，1999，《細說彰化古匾》。彰化：彰化縣立文化中心。<br>7.林文龍，1987，〈寺廟篡改史實與偽造文物闢謬〉，收入林文龍編，《臺灣史蹟叢論》下冊 風土篇。彰化：國彰出版社，頁126-129。<br>8.林會承，1985，《清末鹿港街鎮結構》。臺北：境與象出版社。<br>10.Donald R. Deglopper, “Social Structure in a Nineteenth-Century Taiwanese Port City,” in G. William Skinner edit, The City in Late Imperial China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977), pp. 633-650.<br><br>",
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