《鹿港歷史地圖散步》
《鹿港歷史地圖散步》
2023/05/10
2023/05/11
<b>章節二：鹿港的港道變遷</b><br><br><br><br><br>
展覽頁面呈現形式
縱式
策展者
中央研究院人社中心GIS專題中心
楊朝傑（國立臺灣大學歷史學所博士候選人）
展覽封面
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展覽資料
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"desc": "<div>雖說十八世紀初以來，鹿港港道淤積的問題就一直存在，不過來到十九世紀似乎情況愈顯嚴重。道光年間，擔任臺灣最高軍政官員姚瑩回憶中談到：「昔時鹿港口門最大。嘉慶中，口門淤廢，商船由王功出入。」這裡所謂的「口門」，在文獻中也作「招門」、「招口」。嘉慶十六年，一份由清宮抄錄奏摺副本中的附圖，繪製有鹿港海岸地景。鹿港洋面有四座由北而南的沙汕，只有簡單稱作「北汕」及「南沙汕」，頭尾相連延伸至王功港（今彰化縣芳苑鄉）海面。在四座沙汕之間，有幾處招門，分別是位在鹿港及王功的海面，成為了船隻進出的航道。進入招門後的東側，就是大船停泊的處所，圖面標示「新打港泊船港心」。不過稱鹿港為「新打港」倒是首次出現。「新打」應指的是新疏通的港道，或者覓尋替代港口，很可能就是指鹿港淤淺，商船改由王功港出入這件事。但是道光年間以來，王功港口也開始淤淺，商船於是改從番仔挖出入。 <br></div><div><br></div><div>鹿港海域沙汕變化無常，港道易換是不爭的事實。不過《彰化縣志》也說：「以鹿港為正口，然沙汕時常淤塞，深則大船可入，淺則小船得到。」也就是說雖然鹿港既有港道淤淺，但是大小船隻仍可以找到合適的水道通行，並非因淤淺而完全喪失船運價值。 <br></div><div><br></div><div>儘管鹿港港道淤積，消極上只能覓尋王功港或番挖港替代，但接連外港的鹿港溪港道，卻可以透過人工清淤稍稍緩解淤淺的問題。像是道光二年（1822），鹿港的泉、廈郊商人遭遇「水道淤塞，貨物不通」的窘境，於是向新到任的北路理番同知鄧傳安陳請，得到官府指示由商船業者捐助銀兩，疏濬港道。即使作法只能治標而未能治本，卻已經是當時人們認為最有效而積極的辦法。</div>",
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"desc": "<div>雖然鹿港是以正口被清帝國所承認，但隨著港口淤積，無奈也只能借助王功港、番挖港等外港來解決大型船隻出入問題。一般而言，停泊外港的大船多透過所謂的駁船，接運貨物至鹿港。這件事也忠實呈現在鹿港龍山寺重修的石碑之上。道光9年（1829），泉、廈郊共同主持龍山寺重修工程，由福建泉州、廈門等地購置包括粗石、窗石、磚、石灰、石堵等建材，並由泉州祥芝、蚶江、獺窟所屬的船戶分成14次運送來臺，就是停泊在番挖港，最後再由駁船分成68次運至鹿港，供給龍山寺重修。</div><div><br></div><div>那麼，駁船究竟是哪一類的船隻？應該就是指臺灣西海岸常見的竹筏。清末鹿港文人洪棄生的〈鹿港乘桴記〉中提到：「綑載之往來，皆以竹筏運赴大艑矣。然是時之竹筏，猶千百數也；衣食於其中者，尚數百家也。」當時貨物綑載都是仰賴竹筏駁運到大船上，而竹筏數量可說是成千上百，靠操作竹筏維生者，也有數百家之多。可見隨著鹿港港道的淤積，於是竹筏便成為商船接駁的重要工具。</div>",
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"desc": "<div>在洪棄生生活的清末日治初期，鹿港早不如從前繁榮，原本船隻來往頻繁的舊港溝港道已經淤積，可以輕易的涉水而過，所以他說「是時鹿港通海之水已淺可涉矣，海艟之來，止泊於沖西內津；之所謂『鹿港飛帆』者，已不概見矣」。當時的鹿港內港稱作沖西港，是大船暫時停泊之地。貨物起落、接駁運搬都是透過竹筏，其實與道光以來的運輸方式一樣。在明治三十九年（1906）刊登在《台灣舊慣記事》中的一張照片，清晰呈現了街邊港道淤淺，竹筏成列的景觀，這大概就是清末鹿港港道的真實寫照。因此，藉由這張圖面可以體會洪棄生所謂「『鹿港飛帆』者，已不概見矣」的心情。</div><div><br></div><div>\n\n當時洪棄生與朋友一同搭乘小舟，向著「新溝」一帶划行，靠近鹿港的舊港口一帶，是從前商船所停泊的地方，那時都已經淤積成為沙灘，甚至被居民耕作成菜圃種菜。原本在照片中清楚可見的蜿蜒港道，也隨著時間推移，逐漸消失。到了大正年間，在烏魚寮一帶彎取的港道，因為嚴重淤積，浮覆成為陸地，這片廣闊土地的出現，最終被建設成為鹿港第二公學校（今文開國小）及鹿港女子公學校（今洛津國小）。至於有些河道地帶，在陸化的過程中，也被用做養魚池塘，並深刻地被記錄在地圖之上，成為我們追尋鹿港河港記憶的線索。</div>"
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