在海事日,讀海洋事

在海事日,讀海洋事

2020/06/24
2023/05/10
2020世界海事日<br>#船<br>#海盜<br>#媽祖信仰<br><br>開放博物館.品日╳選物<br>
展覽頁面呈現形式
橫式
故事地圖
差一步就登頂的海上之王:蔡牽
策展者
中央研究院數位文化中心
王怡文
展覽封面
96634d87a18fbe5dd48a37d9d3f4656c
展覽資料
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"img-50sif6nr61", "type": "img", "sortable": true, "primaryObj": { "oid": "35dc38104faec1dca24b568e72a58c59", "fileType": "image", "fileURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/w1024/mcode/e98bcab85b20c576c4bb129168618af2.jpg?itok=a9BXS2fm", "level": "primary", "title": "維京海盜", "desc": "", "thumbURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/square_thumbnail_100/mcode/e98bcab85b20c576c4bb129168618af2.jpg?itok=dVapGXkz", "thumbMediumURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/thumbnail_medium/mcode/e98bcab85b20c576c4bb129168618af2.jpg?itok=yTR5kwA5", "thumbBigURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/thumbnail_big/mcode/e98bcab85b20c576c4bb129168618af2.jpg?itok=3noUdIKY", "mfid": "e98bcab85b20c576c4bb129168618af2", "fileCreator": "", "rights": "維基百科", "rightsLogo": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/styles/square_thumbnail_100/public/default_rights/memder_non-03.png?itok=h0rkcAOw", "fileLicence": "著作權利所有-僅能瀏覽", 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"圖題〈萬里海防圖說〉墨書於圖冊封面,全圖冊為兩幅長卷圖繪纂輯而成。前卷為明代〈萬里海防圖〉的摹本,以十九幅圖摺裝;後卷為明膠州靈山衛指揮使談九疇著,清張謙宜撰《膠萊河辯議圖說匯輯》,分切三十幅疊裝。後人將兩圖卷彙集,並補圖題。\n〈萬里海防圖〉涵蓋的地理範圍,右起廣東欽州、瓊州,沿海岸線向北延伸,止於遼東義州鴨綠江。全圖主要描繪明代沿海海疆域的島嶼港口、府、州、縣城形勢,特別著重在海防的衛、所、寨及關隘各據點的分佈;說明本圖的目的在於軍事上使用。圖中未注圖例,但所引各項資料顯示自有規則,也成了閱讀本圖的基本資訊:「府」用灰色方塊表示、「州」以紅色長方塊表示、「縣」以紅色圓圈標示、「衛」用黃色方塊、「所」以灰邊長方框,配合旁邊的旗杆、旗幟、「巡檢司」、「寨」用旗杆、旗幟標示、其他尚有「府、衛」、「州、衛」或「縣、千戶所」同治所,亦各有標示。其次,傳統的沿海疆域輿圖,很難顧慮到實際的方位;因為海疆崎嶇,若呈直線「一」字展開,地圖的方位便隨圖展開而變化。但全幅構圖基本以海在圖上方,下方為陸地;說明本圖以陸地望向海洋的防守功能。\n研判本圖的繪製時代,大致以圖中若干衛、所及縣制行政區的建置為准。嘉靖三年(1524)析潮陽、海豐二縣地置「惠來縣」,圖中已現:是以本圖繪製不早於是年;而嘉靖五年(1526)由廣州府附郭南海縣及高要縣地析出的三水縣,未見於圖中。或為繪成本圖最晚之年代。〈膠萊河辯議圖說匯輯〉(明)談九疇著,(清)張謙宜撰;圖、說並存,全圖分切三十幅疊裝,全圖不考慮實際方位;涵蓋範圍右起山東昌邑縣北海口,左止於膠州陳村閘。主要描繪地形、水源、橋樑與閘口的分佈情況。\n圖卷前附談九疇〈序〉,謂:「元膠萊河在今膠州、平度州,高密縣、昌邑縣、掖縣之間,南起靈山海口,北抵山三山島,長三百七十五裏。《膠州志》以為元人鑿此避登州成山之險。自明至清凡漕運梗塞,必議海運;議海運,必議修膠萊河。」談〈序〉主要申論行海運之利而罷漕運之議。全圖冊共分九段,各附圖說。清雍正三年(1725),張謙宜輯匯再補錄了明代潘季馴《河防一覽》有關罷膠萊河工程疏議。\n談九疇(生卒不詳)為明代膠州靈山衛指揮使,明萬曆二十九年(1601)繪製此圖。清康熙四十四年,談九疇後人姻親關係的張謙宜重新摹繪,匯輯成帙。張謙宜(1650–1733,名張莊,字稚松)撰跋詳述圖輯編繪始末。\n本圖可與國立故宮博物院藏〈浙江福建沿海海防圖〉(平圖020869)、〈海圖〉(平圖020865)相對應研究。", "thumbURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/square_thumbnail_100/mcode/c5dd167ff0d067dbe1df4c5adf698f6a.jpg?itok=Oh0TxDyv", "thumbMediumURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/thumbnail_medium/mcode/c5dd167ff0d067dbe1df4c5adf698f6a.jpg?itok=ikYqqb7d", "thumbBigURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/thumbnail_big/mcode/c5dd167ff0d067dbe1df4c5adf698f6a.jpg?itok=3Y0XrarY", "mfid": "c5dd167ff0d067dbe1df4c5adf698f6a", "fileCreator": "談九疇,張謙宜", "rights": "國會圖書館地理地圖部(Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division.)", "rightsLogo": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/styles/square_thumbnail_100/public/default_rights/memder_non-05.png?itok=0rVBS4da", "fileLicence": "國會圖書館權利聲明", "fileOversize": false, "background": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/w1920/mcode/c5dd167ff0d067dbe1df4c5adf698f6a.jpg?itok=VNZHYOfP", "fileDisableLink": 0 }, "title": "倭來也", "desc": "西方有海盜,東方也有海盜。中國自元代起,沿海便不時可見倭寇。倭寇一詞最初指稱是指日本海上盜賊,但至明代中晚期東南沿海海盜事件頻仍,這些海盜雖也被扣上「倭寇」之名,不乏「假倭」或「從倭」的中國人,如王直(?-1559)、李旦(?-1625)及鄭芝龍等人便是此一時期之名的海盜。<br><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://openmuseum.tw/muse/map_story/a4e21ac0236198d8b3ff8b1181376ba6\">#明代海盜鄭芝龍</a>", "weight": 13 }, "basic-fsqgp1raf4": { "id": "basic-fsqgp1raf4", "type": "basic", "sortable": true, "primaryObj": { "oid": "5407cb3a8b50a552e3786a1ee3cb9f6d", "fileType": "image", "fileURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/w1024/mcode/19e36ae959c3fa85f09c7afb7ec59fe3.jpg?itok=V4-vjF0N", "level": "primary", "title": "李開先〈聞倭宼殺傷山東民兵二首〉之二", "desc": "", "thumbURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/square_thumbnail_100/mcode/19e36ae959c3fa85f09c7afb7ec59fe3.jpg?itok=QxukoE_4", "thumbMediumURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/thumbnail_medium/mcode/19e36ae959c3fa85f09c7afb7ec59fe3.jpg?itok=t4fSo3RO", "thumbBigURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/thumbnail_big/mcode/19e36ae959c3fa85f09c7afb7ec59fe3.jpg?itok=OC6K3RtD", "mfid": "19e36ae959c3fa85f09c7afb7ec59fe3", "fileCreator": "", "rights": "維基百科", "rightsLogo": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/styles/square_thumbnail_100/public/default_rights/memder_non-02.png?itok=fGKM5I0r", "fileLicence": "著作權利所有-僅能瀏覽", "fileOversize": false, "background": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/w1920/mcode/19e36ae959c3fa85f09c7afb7ec59fe3.jpg?itok=NwlDyaV6", "fileDisableLink": 1 }, "title": "海戰詩", "desc": "明代海盜問題以「嘉靖大倭寇」最為嚴重,嘉靖大倭寇自嘉靖三十一年(1552)起延續了五年,至嘉靖三十六年(1557)平定。由於嘉靖大倭寇期間倭寇除擾亂浙江、福建沿海地區,更趁江南地區海防疲弱之際,沿江入侵,受害範圍遍及江南。<br><br>當時留下有大量的海戰詩詞,內容可區分為戰士視角及百姓視角。戰士視角的海戰詩詞多強調戰爭內容、英雄塑造等,而百姓視角看到的更多是海盜的燒殺擄掠等戰爭慘況。", "weight": 14 }, "quote-fsy1fhy80c": { "id": "quote-fsy1fhy80c", "type": "quote", "sortable": true, "weight": 15, "desc": "寇與商同是人也。" }, "text-0em6lz6882": { "id": "text-0em6lz6882", "type": "text", "sortable": true, "weight": 16, "title": "主宰海上商路的倭寇", "desc": "中國對外貿易頻繁,諸如南洋(今東南亞一帶)、日本、韓國等地,都是中國海外貿易對象。龐大的利益,容易吸引眾人目光,人人都有發財夢,人人都想分杯羹。以倭寇問題最為嚴重的明朝為例,民間一直受海禁政策所限,臺面上不能對外貿易,私底下的走私行為依舊屢見不鮮。目前所知的明朝知名倭寇不少就是以走私維生,壟斷龐大獲利。明謝杰在《虔台倭纂》寫到:「寇與商同是人也。市通則寇轉而為商,市禁則商轉而為寇。始之禁,禁商。後之禁,禁寇。」" }, "text-mckop6ct0z": { "id": "text-mckop6ct0z", "type": "text", "sortable": true, "weight": 17, "title": "話/畫題化的倭寇", "desc": "倭寇雖是明代一大外患,但親身經歷者為少數。眾多倭亂中,「嘉靖大倭寇」由於受害範圍廣,留存文獻相對多。然,這些文獻「真實」者少。嘉靖大倭寇期間,「倭寇」是一種恐懼的象徵,過去沒有遇過倭寇的江南人幾乎是「聞倭色變」。此一時期相關文獻雖多,在資訊傳遞不易且過於封閉得訊息圈影響下,內容可能淪於過於誇張,以訛傳訛,不論是倭寇的形象(是否為中國人)、人數及武力值等,都是一變再變。\n\n&nbsp;\n<br><br>但等到胡宗憲等人平定倭亂、一切恢復日常時,「倭寇」又再度成為傳說中的名詞。另外,「倭寇」也成為藝文活動的一環,成為江南蘇州片繪畫主題之一。以\n\n〈倭寇圖卷〉(東京大學史料編纂所藏)及〈抗倭圖卷〉(中國國家博物館藏)為例,兩者構圖相似,應是明代戰勳圖像發展下的產物,皆為江南的蘇州片,製作的源頭可能都與胡宗憲平倭有關。曾經讓人聞風喪膽的倭寇,最終成為商業資本風氣下的主題之一。" }, "quote-33ed5b6c5v": { "id": "quote-33ed5b6c5v", "type": "quote", "sortable": true, "weight": 18, "desc": "嘉義太保之名,竟和清代海盜有關?" }, "basic-lydnfufx7r": { "id": "basic-lydnfufx7r", "type": "basic", "sortable": true, 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張珣〈海洋台灣的民俗與信仰傳統:以媽祖與王爺為例〉,《臺灣城市科技大學通識學報》,第四期,頁75-83。<br>4. 張珣<span>〈香之為物:進香儀式中香火觀念的物質基礎〉,《臺灣人類學刊》,4(2),2006,頁37-73。<br></span>5. 吳大昕〈猝聞倭至―明朝對江南倭寇的知識(1552-1554)〉,《明代研究》\n\n,第七期(2004.12),頁29-62。\n\n<br>6. 劉序楓〈明末清初的中日貿易與日本華僑社會〉,《人文及社會科學集刊》,第十一卷第三期(1999.09),頁435-473。<br>7.國立故宮博物院「蔡牽與王得祿」特展。" }, "thanks": { "id": "thanks", "type": "thanks", "sortable": false, "thanksList": { "東京國立博物館": { "rights": "東京國立博物館", "rightsLogo": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/styles/square_thumbnail_100/public/default_rights/memder_non-05.png?itok=0rVBS4da", "obj": [ "c64212c705a53a3c3dfafc5d141ddcae", "3d0f1b51c04036e74f40271d880365a3" ], "objNum": 2 }, "國立故宮博物院": { "rights": "國立故宮博物院", "rightsLogo": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/styles/square_thumbnail_100/public/default_rights/memder_non-02.png?itok=fGKM5I0r", "obj": [ "7597d6c4f3b3e7dd5e170de51b0b2b54", "45babbe7c36fa75bdc06d9c1649b1fdb", "59dd42102db775ee341bb9b1716091ed", "29a1234e3ce9afd3f6d4f6aa69ee9126", 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中央研究院數位文化中心王怡文