發掘工作面臨的種種難關與挑戰

在人民生活困苦,不知文化資產保護為何物的年代,不免從其舊習,盜挖先人塚墓,甚至侵犯考古工地。史語所考古前輩們違冒生命之險,白天在軍隊保護下進行發掘工作,夜晚仍需派遣員工組成的巡邏隊至工作地,如此的考古田野經歷對於前輩們來說,可謂是充滿挑戰!
展覽頁面呈現形式
橫式
策展者
考古資料數位典藏創新計畫
展覽封面
4fe40bfd5c228120de7efd5569ca5c9d
展覽資料
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由於盜墓實在太猖獗,為了區分「合法」與「不合法」的發掘行為,政府因此規定發掘機關必須申請採掘執照,並且由中央古物保管委員會派員巡視監察。就在這個機緣之下,當時正在河南安陽殷墟進行大規模發掘的史語所發掘團領到了這張執字第壹號的「採取古物執照」,從此開啟了「有照」考古的時代。執照內容還載明了發掘的起迄時間及地點。</div><div><br></div><div>• 有了這張執照的加持,恰巧正值史語所發掘團於西北岡王陵區大規模考古的時候。當時的考古組主任李濟便曾表示:「<i><b>1935年春的第十一次安陽發掘是我們田野工作的高潮。雖然經費開支大,但重要的是收穫豐富。這次發掘是最完善的組織工作和最高的行政效率的典範。</b></i>」</div>", "musicName": "無", "weight": 8, "musicText": "", "musicURL": "" }, "highlight_basic-luumerra0m": { "id": "highlight_basic-luumerra0m", "type": "highlight_basic", "sortable": true, "primaryObj": { "oid": "e6d5ab0faf956550c9e4c70c6d4d00be", "fileType": "image", "fileURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/w1024/mcode/6159eefa9b3a4f6f1beced04fa810b24.jpg?itok=ef330z-D", "level": "primary", "title": "古物保存法/行政院長蔣中正呈國民政府請將已公布之古物保存法定期自十九年六月十五日起施行", "desc": "殷墟發掘當期間,考古發掘與古物保護的法律規範為「古物保存法」,訂立此法的原因乃是為了限制中外人士隨意發掘,以解決境內古物盜賣問題。", "thumbURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/square_thumbnail_100/mcode/6159eefa9b3a4f6f1beced04fa810b24.jpg?itok=bqDCpw5Y", "thumbMediumURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/thumbnail_medium/mcode/6159eefa9b3a4f6f1beced04fa810b24.jpg?itok=jZ213rgG", "thumbBigURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/thumbnail_big/mcode/6159eefa9b3a4f6f1beced04fa810b24.jpg?itok=QaFD-dnS", "background": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/w1920/mcode/6159eefa9b3a4f6f1beced04fa810b24.jpg?itok=iIkCdjQk", "mfid": "6159eefa9b3a4f6f1beced04fa810b24", "musicURL": "", "musicName": "", "fileCreator": "國史館國家文化記憶庫", "rights": "國史館國家文化記憶庫", "rightsLogo": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/styles/square_thumbnail_100/public/default_rights/memder_non-04.png?itok=gq-PTcKL", "fileLicence": "創用CC 姓名標示-非商業性", "fileDisableLink": "1", "sourceID": "", "creator": "", "fileOversize": false }, "title": "文資法前身 –「古物保存法」", "desc": "<div>• 有了採取古物執照的規範,對於文化資產相關法規的發展有著重大的意義。殷墟發掘期間,考古發掘與古物保護的法律規範為「古物保存法」(1930年6月2日國民政府公布,1982年5月26日廢止),訂立此法的原因乃是為了限制中外人士隨意發掘,以解決境內古物盜賣問題。</div>\n\n<div><br></div>\n\n<div>• 第一條:「<i>本法所稱古物,指與<b>考古學</b>,歷史學,古生物學,及其他文化有關之一切古物而言。\n前項古物之範圍及種類,由中央古物保管委員會定之。</i>」</div>\n\n<div><br></div>\n\n<div>• 第八條:「<i><b>採掘古物,應由中央或地方政府直轄之學術機關為之。 前項學術機關,採掘古物,應呈請中央古物保管委員會審核,轉請教育內政兩部,會同發給採掘執照。 無前項執照而採掘古物者,以竊盜論。</b></i>」</div>\n\n<div><br></div>\n\n<div>• 「古物保存法」廢止後,取而代之的「文化資產保存法」第五十一條亦明確規定:「<i>考古遺址之發掘,應由學者專家、學術或專業機構向主管機關提出申請,經審議會審議,並由主管機關核准,始得為之。</i>」</div>", "musicName": "無", "weight": 9, "musicText": "", "musicURL": "" }, "highlight_basic-fmlargs4by": { "id": "highlight_basic-fmlargs4by", "type": "highlight_basic", "sortable": true, "primaryObj": { "oid": "d7819c1fc15a4c3904aaed562f01a541", "fileType": "image", "fileURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/w1024/mcode/86fce8ed472cb05aa028c00b706453ea.jpg?itok=5d21CyPN", "level": "primary", "title": "西北岡第一次發掘工作照", "desc": "民國二十三年秋,西北岡第一次發掘,工作照。", "thumbURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/square_thumbnail_100/mcode/86fce8ed472cb05aa028c00b706453ea.jpg?itok=bewfnwZl", "thumbMediumURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/thumbnail_medium/mcode/86fce8ed472cb05aa028c00b706453ea.jpg?itok=IZ4viZBr", "thumbBigURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/thumbnail_big/mcode/86fce8ed472cb05aa028c00b706453ea.jpg?itok=XmBmluMs", "background": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/w1920/mcode/86fce8ed472cb05aa028c00b706453ea.jpg?itok=JkNtlXcU", "mfid": "86fce8ed472cb05aa028c00b706453ea", "musicURL": "", "musicName": "", "fileCreator": "", "rights": "中央研究院歷史語言研究所", "rightsLogo": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/styles/square_thumbnail_100/public/default_rights/memder_non-05.png?itok=0rVBS4da", "fileLicence": "著作權利所有-可用於本站提供的服務", "fileDisableLink": "1", "sourceID": "", "creator": "", "fileOversize": false }, "title": "盜坑引起的田野憾事\u000b – 1012塌坑事件", "desc": "<div>• 殷墟第十次發掘時,發掘團於西北岡進行大規模發掘。石璋如所開的坑,大部分是夯土(商代建築物的根基,是用一種質地很堅硬的土做成,這種土須要用重的器械或工具壓打而成),也有翻葬土(盜掘後之回填土),顯示現代的盜掘坑非常多,於是挖了一個T字形的坑,向深處下挖看夯土的深度。</div><div><br></div><div>• 10月12日的下午,工人侯新文在坑下工作,並向石璋如報告坑底的情況﹐石先生於是下坑視察土層,觀察完便上坑坐在坑邊畫圖做紀錄。忽然轟的一聲,坑壁塌了,連同石璋如也陷於坑中被坑土埋住雙腿,另外三個工人被壓在坑下,其中一個工人練過功夫,塌坑當下及時縱身向上一躍,雖下半身仍被埋住但撿回一條性命;另外兩位工人深陷坑中,尚可聽到求救聲,但發掘團與工人們當下搶救方式不當,大家急忙前來幫忙時,一陣混亂下無意間因踩踏壓實了坍土,好不容易天黑之前搶救上來,但皆已回天乏術。</div><div><br></div><div>• 事後發掘團回到工作地檢查,追究造禍的原因,主要原因是因為盜坑太多,土被切的零碎導致彼此沒有牽扯的力量,發掘團當下沒有察覺到坑況而持續掘土下挖,致使悲劇發生。事後法院前來驗屍,並設了臨時法庭,詢問坑主石璋如先生當時事件發生經過,做了一個記錄後將事件判定為意外事件,研究院則發給每家治喪費三十元以及撫卹金兩百元。</div>", "musicName": "無", "weight": 10, "musicText": "", "musicURL": "" }, "basic-hvo0dpv0fa": { "id": "basic-hvo0dpv0fa", "type": "basic", "sortable": true, "primaryObj": { "oid": "7bc6afbe836b80e59affba19fcb2998a", "fileType": "image", "fileURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/w1024/mcode/957ab1789b0ec3904a59f8ab2ab00cbb.jpg?itok=-zCUzhux", "level": "primary", "title": 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"", "creator": "", "fileOversize": false }, "title": "中央夜晚發掘團!?\u000b1115事件", "desc": "<div>• 殷墟第十次發掘11月上旬,發掘團常聽到一種謠言:「<i>中央又要派人來發掘了,中央研究院是白天發掘,他們是夜裡發掘,工人們兩方做工,便要一天賺八角了。</i>」這個「中央夜晚發掘團」聽在「中央白天發掘團」成員的耳裡,自然感到案情不單純。</div>\n\n<div><br></div>\n\n<div>• 11月15日夜裡,安陽縣府人員李冠,與本地的武官村民勾結,領著大批人馬在工作地的東區盜掘。發掘團得到報告,帶著駐團的軍隊前往捉拿,將為首若干人犯拿到,送押縣府。</div>\n\n<div><br></div>\n\n<div>• 12月初,發掘團便在被盜掘之處開坑,發現一處墓葬HPKM1005,出土中柱旋龍盂等豐富銅器,距他們的盜坑只有半公尺之差,如果當時去遲了,這批銅器便落到了盜掘團手中了。</div>", "musicName": "無", "weight": 11, "musicText": "", "musicURL": "" }, "basic-8d048hgm3u": { "id": "basic-8d048hgm3u", "type": "basic", "sortable": true, "primaryObj": { "oid": "f28cde5fed6aada381372d0d8931595a", "fileType": "image", "fileURI": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/muse_styles/w1024/mcode/e50d29d7958bee401c113d2cbe904715.jpg?itok=iOt9GRTb", "level": "primary", "title": "小屯遺址田野照片/小屯遺址田野照片|SYEY09BBWA_15", "desc": 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"musicURL": "", "musicName": "", "fileCreator": "中央研究院歷史語言研究所", "rights": "中央研究院歷史語言研究所", "rightsLogo": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/styles/square_thumbnail_100/public/default_rights/memder_non-04.png?itok=gq-PTcKL", "fileLicence": "創用CC 姓名標示-非商業性-相同方式分享", "fileDisableLink": "0", "sourceID": "", "creator": "", "fileOversize": false }, "title": "發掘團與地方政府的糾葛", "desc": "<div>• 1929年,殷墟第三次發掘期間,河南圖書館館長兼民族博物院院長何日章前往小屯進行兩個月的發掘。同年12月,史語所所長傅斯年前往開封與河南省政府協調並簽訂解決辦法,由河南遴選人員參加史語所發掘。<br><br></div>\n\n<div>• 1930年春,何日章再赴小屯進行兩次發掘,史語所為避免糾紛,暫停殷墟發掘工作,轉往山東、東北等地進行調查及發掘,直到1931年春才復工。<br><br></div><div>•&nbsp;在當時,一般民眾會把考古發掘當作是挖人祖墳的不義之舉,地方士紳又把發掘工作當成挖本地的「寶物」。一時之間,河南地方對於史語所考古隊不滿的文字與言論慢慢浮現。<br></div>", "musicName": "無", "weight": 15, "musicText": "", "musicURL": "" }, "highlight_basic-mt1y853hdj": { "id": "highlight_basic-mt1y853hdj", "type": "highlight_basic", "sortable": true, "primaryObj": { "oid": "d0959a07f361e532a843f59ed5e329e5", "fileType": "image", "fileURI": 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"國史館國家文化記憶庫", "rights": "國史館國家文化記憶庫", "rightsLogo": "https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/styles/square_thumbnail_100/public/default_rights/memder_non-03.png?itok=h0rkcAOw", "fileLicence": "創用CC 姓名標示-非商業性", "fileDisableLink": "1", "sourceID": "", "creator": "", "fileOversize": false }, "title": "文物潛運出境造成誤會?", "desc": "<div>• 1929年5月間,安陽地方戰事發生,出土遺物若存放在袁家花園工作站需承擔風險,因此發掘團將標本分為兩批,一批安置於城內十一中學,一批運回北平史語所整理。地方人士見狀懷疑發掘團將文物私自運走,因此產生謝絕中央研究院發掘之提議。10月正處發掘團工作之際,河南民族博物院院長何日章至安陽,宣稱奉河南省政府之令,禁止中央研究院繼續發掘,於是發掘團工作只能暫告中止。</div><div><br><div>• 同年10月24日,歷史語言研究所所長傅斯年前往南京向中央研究院蔡元培院長報告並請政府主持。經院長呈國民政府奉主席諭照准,即電河南省政府「<i><b>繼續保護本院發掘工作,並停止何日章任意開掘,以免損毀現狀致墜前功。</b></i>」當時的考古組主任李濟,認為此案已告結束,便於11月15日重返安陽繼續發掘工作。</div></div>", "musicName": "無", "weight": 16, "musicText": "", "musicURL": "" }, "basic-aibxvdmbgx": { "id": "basic-aibxvdmbgx", "type": "basic", "sortable": true, "primaryObj": { "oid": "4b8954ca555b7b87f063a6cad51aa2da", "fileType": "image", "fileURI": 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"https://openmuseum.tw/files/muse_portal/styles/square_thumbnail_100/public/default_rights/memder_non-05.png?itok=0rVBS4da", "fileLicence": "著作權利所有-可用於本站提供的服務", "fileDisableLink": "1", "sourceID": "", "creator": "", "fileOversize": false }, "title": "化解分歧,攜手合作", "desc": "<div>• 中央研究院之後派傅斯年所長至開封與河南省政府當局與地方人士接洽,在開封月餘商討數次,終於在12月28日得河南省政府公函,擬定辦法六條:<br><br></div>\n\n\n\n<div><b><i>一. 為謀中央研究院機關與地方政府之合作起見,河南省政府教育廳遴選學者一人至三人參加國立中央研究院安陽殷墟發掘團。<br><br></i></b></div><b><i>\n\n</i></b><div><b><i>二. 發掘工作暨所獲古物均由安陽殷墟發掘團繕具清冊,每月函送教育廳存查。<br><br></i></b></div><b><i>\n\n</i></b><div><b><i>三. 安陽殷墟發掘團為研究便利起見,得將掘古物移運適當地點,但須函知河南教育廳備查。<br><br></i></b></div><b><i>\n\n</i></b><div><b><i>四. 殷墟古物除重複者外均於每批研究結果在開封碑林陳列,以便地方人士參觀。<br><br></i></b></div><b><i>\n\n</i></b><div><b><i>五. 待全部發掘完竣研究結束後,再由中央研究院與河南省政府會商陳列辦法。<br><br></i></b></div><b><i>\n\n</i></b><div><b><i>六. 擬派參加國立中央研究院安陽殷墟發掘團三人,關百益、王綋先、許敬參。</i></b></div>", "musicName": "無", "weight": 17, "musicText": "", "musicURL": "" }, "highlight_basic-z1i7g6d8zd": { "id": 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考古資料數位典藏創新計畫